Instituts Hiscia,
Verein für Krebsforschung,
Kirschweg 9
CH-4144 Arlesheim

Tel: +41 61 706 72 72
Fax: +41 61 706 72 00

Email: sekretariat(*at*)vfk.ch
Web: www.vfk.ch

http://www.ikf-berlin.de/

http://www.biokrebs.de/

* Botany of Mistletoe
* Biological Effects / Ingredients
* Immodualtion (in vitro and clinical)
* Protective Effects
* Quality of Life / Pain
* Tumor Remissions
* Studies on the Life and Times Effects
* Safety and Tolerability
* Anthroposophical Foundations
* Systematic Reviews and Reviews of Mistletoe

* Treatment of Liver Metastases from Various Primary Tumors with Helixor

* Helixor in Cancer of Colon and Rectum.

* The treament of patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia with the mistletoe preparation Helixor.

* Prospective study in radically operated breast cancer with polychemotherapy, Helixor and untreated control.

* The treatment of operated gastric cancer at the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Clinical Oncology.

* Intrapleural Instillations of an Extract of Viscum Album (L.) (Helixor) for the Treatment of Malignant Pleural Effusions.

These findings suggest the use of STE from mistletoe as a solvent-free anticancer drug for preclinical animal experiments and clinical trials.

Pooled analysis of clinical studies suggests that adjuvant treatment of cancer patients with the mistletoe extract Iscador is associated with a better survival ... one can not ignore the fact that studies with positive effects of VA-E on survival of cancer patients are accumulating.

Viscum album L. (VAE) mistletoe extract shows positive effects in breast and gynaecological cancer ... strong cytotoxic effects on cancer cells.

- Although Iscador is regarded as a complementary cancer therapy, it is the most commonly used oncological drug in Germany.
- Survival time of patients treated with Iscador was longer for all types of cancer studied.
- Average survival time in the Iscador groups was roughly 40% longer than in the control groups.
- Results of the 2 randomized matched-pair studies largely confirmed the results of the non-randomized studies.
- Iscador treatment can achieve a clinically relevant prolongation of survival time of cancer patients and appears to stimulate self-regulation.

- The mistletoe lectins have been identi¢ed as the main active principle of mistletoe extracts.
- They have been shown to exhibit cytotoxic effects as well as immunomodulatory activities and increased activity of natural killer cells.
- Results show no evidence of stimulation of tumor growth by any of the Iscador preparations, comprising central nervous system, gastric, non-small cell lung, mammary, prostate, renal and uterine cancer cell lines, as well as cell lines from hematological malignancies and melanomas.
- Iscador preparations showed antitumor activity in the mammary cancer cell line with a more than 70% growth inhibition.
- Antitumor activity (growth inhibition 30^70%) found in three tumor cell lines for IM and in seven tumor cell lines for IQul, respectively.

Mistletoe can increase the tolerability of conventional cancer treatment, improve patient quality of life, and lengthen tumor free survival.

Results confirmed the safety of the complementary therapy of patients with primary, non-metastatic breast cancer with a standardized mistletoe extract and showed considerably fewer ADRs attributed to concurrent conventional therapy, as well as reduced disease and treatment-associated symptoms, and suggested a prolonged overall survival in the mistletoe extract group as compared with control.

Mistletoe - Cancer - 14 - Long-Term Adjuvant Treatment of Primary Intermeidate to High-Risk Malignant Melanoma

- The long-term FME treatment in patients with primary intermediate to high-risk Malignant Melanoma appears safe.
- Tumor enhancement was not observed with mistletoe treatments.
- When compared with an untreated parallel control group from the same cohort, the results of the FME treatment suggested a significant survival benefit in primary stage II−III Malignant Melanoma patients.
- These results on survival warrant reconfirmation in a prospective randomized clinical trial with optimized study design and treatment conditions.

Mistletoe - Cardio - 01 - Effects of an Anthroposophical Remedy on Cardiorespiratory Regulation

- Oral administration improved normalization of heart-respiratory ratio, phase-coordination ratio and heart rate during night time sleep.
- These results were not observed in the placebo group.
- The remedy stimulates the regulation of cardiorespiratory interaction during nighttime sleep.
- Furthermore, improved normalization indicates a general improvement of the regulatory processes of functional rhythms.

- Results suggest mistletoe preparations may be useful therapeutic intervention for patients with chronic liver disease.
- Mistletoe preparations are widely used unconventional cancer therapies in many advanced medical countries throughout the world.
- Patients with chronic hepatitis C reported a significant improvement in elevated transaminases with mistletoe preparations.

- Five patients with chroinc hepatitis C were treated for 1 year with immuno-modulatory agent Iscador.
- Two patients showed 6 to 20 fold decrease in viral load and normalization of liver inflammation.
- The treatment was well tolerated ... no serious side effects were observed.
- The quality of life improved on average.
- Iscador may have potential as a non-toxic therapy for chronic hepatitis C treatment.

Results show a temporarily improved function of the microcirculation and an increased transmignation of white blood cells in target tissue areas.

Results show a temporarily improved function of the microcirculation and an increased transmignation of white blood cells in target tissue areas.

Results show a temporarily improved function of the microcirculation and an increased transmignation of white blood cells in target tissue areas.

* Botany of Mistletoe
* Biological Effects / Ingredients
* Immodualtion (in vitro and clinical)
* Protective Effects
* Quality of Life / Pain
* Tumor Remissions
* Studies on the Life and Times Effects
* Safety and Tolerability
* Anthroposophical Foundations
* Systematic Reviews and Reviews of Mistletoe

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• Mistletoe lectins and their A and B chains. Oncology 43 (suppl. 1), 23-34, 1968 (new 1986)
• Vester F, Nienhaus J: Thymusstimulation and cancer prophylaxis by Viscum proteins, Experientia 26/5, 1970
• Ziska P, Franz H, Kindt A: The lectins from Viscum album L. Purification by biospecific affinity chromatography. Experientia 34, 123, 1976
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• Stirpe F, et al: Inhibition of protein synthesis by a toxic lectin from Viscum album L. (mistletoe). Biochem.843-845, 1980
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• Holtskog R, Sandvig K, Olsnes S: Characterization of a toxic lectin in Iscador, a mistletoe preparation with Alleged cancerostatic properties. Oncology 45, 172-179, 1988
• Ribéreau-Gayon G, Jung ML, Beck JP: The proteins, alkaloids and polysaccharides of mistletoe ( Viscum album L.). Therapeutikon (3) 1, 22-26, 1989 (also in French)
• Characterization of cytotoxic proteins from mistletoe ( Viscum album L.) Cancer Letters 103-108, 1990
• Urech K, Schaller G, Ziska P, et al: Comparative study on the cytotoxic effect of visco toxin and mistletoe lectin on tumor cells in culture. Phytotherapy Research, 9 (1), 49-55, 1995
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• Schaller G, Urech K, Giannattasio M: Cytotoxicity of different visco toxins and extracts from the European subspecies of Viscum album L. Phythotherapy Research, 10 (6), 473-477, 1996
• Orrù S, Scaloni A, Giannattasio M, et al: Amino acid sequence. SS bridge arrangement and distribution in plant tissues of thionin from Viscum album . Biol.Chem., 378, 989-996, 1997
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• Bussing A, G Schaller, U Pfüller: generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) by the thionin fromViscum album L. Anticancer Research 18 (6A), 4291-4296, 1998
• Bussing A, Schietzel M: Apoptosis-inducing properties of Viscum album L. extracts from different host trees, correlate with their content of toxic mistletoe lectins. Anticancer Research 19, 23-28, 1999
• Bussing A (ed) ( Review ): Mistletoe - The Genus Viscum. Harwood academic publishers, Amsterdam, 2000
• Hajto T, Berki T, F, et al Boldizsar: galactoside-specific lectin plant, Viscum album agglutinin-I induces enhanced proliferation and apoptosis of murine thymocytes in vivo. Immunology Letters 86, 23-27, 2003
• Hugo F, Dittmar Th Treutler EK, et al: The Viscum album extract Iscador P does not cause to autocrine interleukin-6 loop in B-non Hodgkin's lymphoma cell lines. Oncology 28, 415-420, 2005
• Kelter G, Fiebig HH: exclusion of a tumor in vitro stimulation with Iscador preparations in a panel of 26 human tumor cell lines. In: Proceedings of the mistletoe therapy. Current status of research and clinical application.Scheer, R. et al. (Ed.) KVC Verlag Essen, 291-302, 2005
• Urech K, Shear JM, Hostanska K, et al: Apoptosis-inducing activity of viscin, a lipophilic extract from Viscum album L. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 57, 101-109; 2005
• Gene expression profiles of different breast cancer cells Compared with their responsiveness to fermented mistletoe ( Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador from Qak ( Quercus ), pine ( Pinus ), White Fir ( Abies ), and Apple Tree ( Malus ) in vitro. Arzneim. . Researchers / Drug Res 56 (6), 483-496, 2006:  
• Effects of mistletoe extract on murine thymocytes in vivo and on glucocorticoid-induced cell count reduction.Forsch Komplementärmed.13 (1), 22-27, 2006:  
• Human cancer cells exhibit in vitro individual receptiveness towards different Mistletoe extracts. Pharmacy 60 (6), 448 -, 2005:  
• Cytostatic and cytocidal effects of mistletoe ( Viscum album L.) quercus extract Iscador. Arzneim. . Researchers / Drug Res 56 (6), 467-473, 2006:  
• Antiproliferative effects of mistletoe ( Viscum album L.) extract in urinary bladder carcinoma cell lines.Anticancer Res 26 (4B), 3049-3055, 2006:  
• Visco toxin, mistletoe lectins and their isoforms in mistletoe ( Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador - Analytical results on pharmaceutical processing of mistletoe. Arzneim. . Researchers / Drug Res 56 (6), 428-434, 2006:  
• Tumor regressive effects of Viscum album preparations - Exploration of immunomodulatory mechanisms.Medicina (Buenos Aires 67 (Supl. II) 85-89, 2007: 

• Bloksma M et al: Stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity by Viscum preparations. Planta Medica, 46 (4), 1982
• Rentea R et al: Biologic properties of Iscador: A Viscum album preparation. First Hyperplasia of the thymic cortex and accelerated regeneration of hematopoietic cells following X-irradiation. Laboratory Investigation, 44 (1), 43-48, 1981
• Salzer G: Pleural carcinosis. Cytomorphological findings with the mistletoe preparation Iscador and other pharmaceuticals. Oncology 43, supp. 1, 66-70, 1986
• Hajto T, Lanzrein Ch: Natural killer and antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity activities and large-granular lymphocyte frequencies in Viscum album -treated breast cancer patients. Oncology 43, 93-97, 1986
• Hajto T, Hostanska K, Gabius HJ: modulatory potency of the b-galactoside-specific lectin from mistletoe extract (Iscador) on the host defense system in vivo in rabbits and patients. Cancer Research 49, 4803-4808, 1989
• Hajto T, Hostanska K, Gabius HJ et al: Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 by human mononuclear cells exposed to b-galactose-specific lectin from clinically applied mistletoe extract. Cancer Research 50, 3322-3326, 1990
• Mueller EA, other FA: Chemical specificity of effector cell / tumor cell bridging by a Viscum albumrhamnogalacturonan enhancing cytotoxicity of human NK cells. Immunopharmacology 19 (1), 69-77, 1990
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• Stein G, Berg PA: Non-lectin component in a fermented extract from Viscum album L. grown on pines induces proliferation of lymphocytes from health and allergic individuals in vitro. Eur J. Clin. Pharmocol. 47, 33-38, 1994
• Lukyanova EM et al: The treatment of immunosuppressed children after the Chernobyl accident with Viscum album (Iscador): clinical and immunologic studies. Researchers Komplementärmed. 1 (2), 58-70, 1994
• Stone mass M, the other A: Enhancement of human NK and LAK cytotoxicity against HCMV infected cells by rhamnogalacturonan: specificity of reaction. Viral Immunology 9 (1), 27-34, 1996
• Stone GN, Meink H, Durst J, et al: Release of cytokines by a fermented lectin I (ML I) free mistletoe extract Reflects differences in the reactivity of PBMC in healthy and allergic individuals and tumor patients. Eur J. Clin. Pharmacol. 151 (3-4), 247-252, 1996
• Chernyshov VP, et al: Immunomodulatory actions of Viscum album (Iscador) in children with recurrent respiratory disease as a result of the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 5, 141-146, 1997
• Nikolai G, Friedl P, Werner M, et al: Effect of a mistletoe extract (Iscador Qu FrF) on viability and migratory behavior of collagen lattices human peripheral lymphocytes CD4 + and CD8 + T in three-dimensional. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol - Animal 33, 710-716, 1997
• Albonico HU, Braker HU, Hüsler J: Febrile infectious childhood diseases in the history of cancer patients and matched controls. Medical Hypotheses 51, 315-320, 1998.
• Gorter RW, van Wely M, Stoss M, et al: Subcutaneous infiltrates induced by injection of mistletoe extracts (Iscador). American Journal of Therapeutics 5 (3), 181-187, 1998
• Stein GM, Berg PA: Flow cytometric analyzes of the specific activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors after in vitro stimulation with a fermented mistletoe extract and mistletoe lectins.European Journal of Cancer 34 (7), 1105-1110, 1998
• Stoss M, Gorter RW: No evidence of IFN-gamma increase in the serum of HIV-positive and healthy subjects after subcutaneous injection of a non-fermented Viscum album L. Extract. Nat immune 16, 157-164, 1998
• Stein GM, Schaller G, et al Pfüller U: thionin from Viscum album L.: Influence of the visco toxins on the activation of granulocytes. Anticancer research 19, 1037-1042, 1999
• Stoss M, van Wely M, Musielsky H, et al: Study on local inflammatory reactions and other parameters during subcutaneous mistletoe application in HIV-positive patients and HIV-negative subjects over a period of 18 weeks. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 49 (4), 366-373, 1999
• Huber R, Klein R, Ludtke R, Werner M: Incidence of influenza-like infections in healthy people under one administration and one lektinreichen lektinarmen mistletoe preparation in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Komplementärmed Forsch. Naturheilkd. 8, 354-358, 2001
• Tusenius KJ, Spoek JM, Kramers CW: Iscador Qu for chronic hepatitis C: An exploratory study.Complementary Therapies in Medicine 9 (1), 12-16, 2001
• Kuehn JJ, Fornalski M: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - Immune speculation and clinical reality. The caduceus 54 (5), 289-296, 2001
• Klein R, Classen K, Berg PA, et al: In vivo induction of antibodies to mistletoe lectin-1 and visco toxin by exposure to aqueous mistletoe extracts: a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled phase I study in healthy individuals. Eur J Med Res 7, 1-9, 2002.
• Klopp R, Schmidt W, Werner M, et al: microcirculation and immunological behavior of white blood cells by complement-therapeutic use of Viscum album in patients with ENT tumors. Dtsche Z. Oncol. 34, 37-44, 2002.
• Kovacs E, Kuehn JJ: Measurements of soluble IL-6, IL-6 receptor and soluble gp130 in sera of Bcell lymphoma patients. Does Viscum album treatment effect these parameters? Biomed Pharmacother 56: 152-158, 2002
• Kovacs E: Effects of Viscum album extract therapy in patients with cancer. Relation with soluble interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor, and soluble gp130. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10 (2), 241-246, 2004
• Huber R, Rostock M, R, et al Goedl: Mistletoe treatment induces GM-CSF and IL-5 production by PBMC and Increases blood granulocyte-and cosinophil counts: a placebo-controlled randomized study in healthy subjects. Eur.J.Med.Res. 10 (10), 411-418, 2005
• Kovacs E: The profile of Viscum album -extract - Immunological and molecular biological investigations. In: Proceedings of the mistletoe therapy. Current status of research and clinical application. Scheer, R. et al.(Ed.) KVC Verlag Essen, 245-258, 2005
• Wispler MJ, Kappler M, Soto Vera D, et al: Prospective, randomized, controlled study to activate the homing and the general level of activity of T lymphocytes by subcutaneous injections of mistletoe extract in healthy male volunteers. In: Proceedings of the mistletoe therapy. Current status of research and clinical application.Scheer, R. et al. (Ed.) KVC Verlag Essen, 513-525, 2005
• Immune modulation using mistletoe ( Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador - Influencing cell function through subcutaneous and intravenous application. Arzneim. . Researchers / Drug Res 56 (6), 508-515, 2006:  
• Molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of mistletoe ( Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador. Arzneim. . Researchers / Drug Res 56 (6), 461-466, 2006:  
• Visco-rich toxin in vitro immunoreactivity towards lectin-rich or mistletoe ( Viscum album L.) extracts Iscador applied to healthy individuals - A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arzneim. . Researchers / Drug Res 56 (6), 447-456, 2006:  
• Immunologic effects of mistletoe lectins: A placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects. J. Soc. Integrative Oncology, 4 (1), 3-7, 2006:  
• Mistletoe Extract Reduces the Surgical Suppression of natural killer cell activity in cancer patients. A randomized phase III trial. In: Forsch.Komplementärmed, 17: 9-17, 2007:  

• Rentea R et al: Biologic properties of Iscador: a Viscum album preparation. Laboratory Investigation 44 (1), 43-48, 1981
• Kovacs E, T Hajto, Hostanska K: Improvement of DNA repair in lymphocytes of breast cancer patients treated with Viscum album extracts (Iscador). Eur.J. Cancer 27 (12), 1672-1676, 1991
• Kuttan G: Reduction of leukopenia in mice by Viscum album administration during radiation and chemotherapy, Tumori 79 (1), 74-76, 1993
• Bussing A, Lehnert A, Schink M, et al: Effect of Viscum album L. on Rapidly proliferating amniotic fluid cells.Sister chromatid exchange; Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res 45 (1), 81-83, 1995
• Kovacs E, Kuehn JJ, Werner M, et al: The effect of Viscum album (Iscador) on DNA repair in peripheral lymphocytes after gamma-ray and cyclophosphamide exposure. Correlation to IFN-gamma production. In vitro results.
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• Kuttan G, Menon LG, Kuttan R: Prevention of 20-methylocholanthrene-induced sarcoma by a mistletoe extract, Iscador. Carcinogenesis 17 (5), 1107-1109, 1996
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• Bussing A, Bishop M, Hatzmann W, et al: Prevention of surgery-induced suppression of granulocyte function by intravenous application of a fermented extract from Viscum album L. in breast cancer patients. Anticancer Research 25, 4753-4758, 2005
• Schink M, Tröger W, et al Dabidian A: Mistletoe Extract Reduces the Surgical Suppression of natural killer cell activity in cancer patients. A randomized phase III trial. Komplementärmed Forsch. 17, 9 to 17.2007

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• Bock PR, Friedel WE, Hanisch J, Karasmann M, Schneider B: Efficacy and safety of long-term complementary treatment with standardized European mistletoe extract ( Viscum album L. ) in addition to the conventional adjuvant oncologic therapy in primary, non-metastatic breast cancer. Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res 54, No.8, 456-466, 2004 (also in English)
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• Kuehn JJ: (response to letters to Kuehn 1999) German Medical Weekly 125 (31-32), 958-960, 2000
• Grossarth-Maticek R, Ziegler R: Prospective controlled cohort studies on long-term therapy of cervical cancer patients with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador ®). Komplementärmed Forsch. 14 (3), 140-147, 2007
• Grossarth-Maticek R, Ziegler R: Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment of melanoma patients with a mistletoe preparation (Iscador). Switzerland. Zschr Holistic Medicine 19 (6), 325-332, 2007
• Kirsch A: Successful treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma with Viscum album extract (Iscador M). J. Alternative and Complementary Med 13 (4), 443-445, 2007
• : Treatment responses to Viscum album Pini (Iscador P) in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma - a new therapeutic route exploring. Medicina (Buenos Aires), 67 (Supl. II), 107-114, 2007

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• Hoffmann J: The Iscador treatment of liver metastases. Cancer events (6), 172-175, 1979:
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• Leroi R: Iscador treatment for inoperable colorectal tumors. Cancer events 11 (6), 163-165, 1979:
• Hoffmann J: Treatment results in carcinoma of the bladder Luke Hospital, Cancer Series event, 16th VolumePublisher of medical Dr.E. Fischer, Heidelberg, 172-175, 1980:
• Salzer G: Small bronchus randomized trial. Internal Report, L. Boltzmann Institute for Clinical Oncology in the Hospital of Vienna-Lainz, 1980:
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• Szöts I, Toth T: Contribution to Iscador treatment of malignant thoracic tumors in childhood. Cancer events 13 (1), 16-18, 1981:
• Leroi R, T Hajto: The Iscador therapy in ovarian cancer. Cancer events 14 (2), 38-40, 1982:
• Hoffmann J, T Hajto: Iscadorbehandlung in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer events (3), 71-75, 1982:
• Salzer G: Local treatment of pleural carcinomatosis. Cancer events (2), 52-53, 1983:
• Salzer G, Havelec L: Adjuvant Iscadorbehandlung after gastric cancer surgery. Results of a randomized study. Cancer events, 15 (4), 106-110, 1983:
• Szöts I, Toth T: Recurrence of neuroblastoma in infants operated on and 2 Operation. Cancer events 15 (5), 127-128, 1983:
• Hoffmann J, T Hajto: The Iscador treatment of colorectal tumors. Cancer events (6), 150-153, 1984:
• Faber W: Hypernephrombehandlung with Iscador. Beitr.Erw.Heilk. 15 (2), 46-51, 1984:
• Salzer G: Results of cancer treatment trials in liver metastases. Cancer occurrence, (2), 46-51, 1984:
• Leroi R: casuistic for Iscador therapy for pulmonary malignancies. Cancer events 18 (2), 52-57, 1986:
• Salzer G: Prospective randomized study shunted gastric cancer, adjuvant treatment with Iscador - an unconventional view - Oncology 20 (4), 90-93, 1988:
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